2/7/2024 0 Comments Video compress erTENS is another non-pharmacological method for pain management which has been used since 1974 as a safe pain management method. In fact, cold reduces inflammation, constricts deep vessels, reduces the release and transmission of chemical pain mediators, and thereby, raises pain threshold and reduces pain. Cold compress reduces pain through reducing the velocity of pain signal transmission to the central nervous system, reducing local blood flow, reducing cell metabolism, and reducing tissue injury. It is among the oldest, easiest, and safest pain management methods. ![]() Non-pharmacological methods for pain management include acupressure, massage therapy, muscle relaxation, cold therapy, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).Ĭold compress is a common non-pharmacological method for managing CTR-associated pain. These methods maintain patient autonomy, are easy to use, and usually have limited side effects. Therefore, non-pharmacological methods are usually preferred for pain management. Pharmacological methods (such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are usually associated with different side effects such as dyspnea, nausea, and gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many different pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management methods. Contrarily, effective postoperative pain management facilitates recovery, reduces patient discomfort, and shortens the length of hospital stay. These complications negatively affect postoperative recovery and are among the major causes of postoperative death. Ineffective pain management among patients with cardiac surgery can increase the risk of postoperative respiratory complications such as reduced respiratory muscle strength, reduced lung volume and capacity, reduced effectiveness of coughing, and increased risk of respiratory infections. Due to the abundance of sensory fibers in the pleura, the pain of CTR may be associated with burning, tension, and pressure sensations and may cause fear and anxiety. Chest tube removal (CTR) may be associated with a severe transient pain which is among the most painful experiences of patients with cardiac surgery. In cardiac surgery, a chest tube is used to remove secretions and improve cardiac function which is usually removed during the first 24–48 h after surgery. In Iran, 35–50 thousand cardiac surgeries are performed each year. ![]() Each day, thousands of people undergo cardiac surgery in the United States. Ĭardiac surgery is a common treatment for cardiovascular disease. The prevalence and the mortality rates of cardiovascular disease in Iran are 23.3% and 46%, respectively. In 2017, cardiovascular disease caused around 17.8% deaths in the world. Estimates show that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of 45% of all deaths. Therefore, non-pharmacological methods such as combined cold compress-TENS are recommended for managing CTR-associated pain.Ĭardiovascular disease is one of the major health challenges and a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. ![]() ConclusionĬombined cold compress-TENS is more effective than separate cold compress and TENS in reducing CTR-associated pain among patients with CABG. The mean score of pain intensity in all groups was at its highest level during CTR and gradually decreased afterwards, but this pain intensity reduction in the compress-TENS group was significantly greater than other groups ( P < 0.001). Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and pain intensity scores of participants had no statistically significant differences among all four groups ( P > 0.05). The data of 29 participants in the placebo group, 26 in the TENS group, 30 in the cold compress group, and 26 in the combined cold compress-TENS group was gathered. 22.0) at a significance level of less than 0.05. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program (v. CTR-associated pain was assessed before, during, immediately after, and 15 min after CTR. Each participant received the intervention for 15 min immediately before CTR. Participants were 120 patients with CABG selected from Shafa hospital, Kerman, Iran, and randomly allocated to a cold compress, a TENS, a combined cold compress-TENS, and a placebo group (compress with room temperature) and TENS with an off TENS device. This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2018–2019 using a double-blind four-group design. This study compared the effects of cold compress, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), and combined cold compress-TENS on CTR-associated pain among patients with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Chest tube removal (CTR) can cause severe acute pain which is usually described by patients as a painful experience.
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